This is the list of online legal services that was current as of January 2006. It is superseded by a more recent update and appears here for historical reference purposes. This page contains two tables, one for large law firms and law departments and one for companies.
Large Law Firms and Law Departments
(Alphabetic Order by Firm or Company Name)
| Organization (Service Name) |
Type of Service | Date Web Site Checked
Description of Service [Quoting from firm or affiliated web site unless otherwise noted] |
| Addleshaw Goddard | Employment law content |
December 2005 Emplaw: “Emplaw provides access to over 2,000 commentary “fact cards” on employment law and includes summaries and headnotes of more than 1,200 cases, including all cases reported in ICR and IRLR since January 2000. It also provides a vast range of hyperlinks to source materials and a regularly updated version of Employment Rights Act 1996 with annotations and amendments noted in colour. This is a subscription service. ” Employment Channel: “The Employment Channel offers you television over the internet. We produce employment news and training programmes for HR managers and line managers and deliver them direct to your PC. So, you get what you want, when you want it and how you want it” |
| Allen & Overy A range of offerings |
Document creation and sharing Financial analytic services Substantive resources Matter management |
December 2005 Sharing Documents and Information |
| Baker & McKenzie Law in Context |
Content and training |
December 2005 Law in Context: “We are an online interactive legal information and training service. LawInContext Pte. Ltd. was created by the global law firm Baker & McKenzie. We provide online legal information, knowledge management and training services tailored to select communities of clients. Recognizing the gap between traditional legal services and generic published legal information, LawInContext was formed to fill this gap by supplying customized information and training on a cost-effective basis. All legal information is developed for LawInContext by Baker & McKenzie attorneys (and contributing firms) around the world.” |
| Beauchamps Soliciters | Advice for e-commerce in Ireland | December 2005
GrowOnLine: “Growonline, run by Beauchamps Solicitors, one of Ireland’s leading law firms, is a one stop service that will assist you in setting up and running an e-business in Ireland” |
| Berwin Leighton Paisner Beprofessional ComplyToday |
Compliance for small businessesData protection compliance |
December 2005 beprofessional (About page) Founded in 2002, with investment from Deloitte and City law firm Berwin Leighton Paisner, the company provides services to over 18,000 small businesses, 100 accountancy practices and partnership support to leading organisations including Barclays, Business Link, Cranfield University and the CBI.” “e-businesses operating in the UK are facing a new challenge: how to comply with the strict laws regulating the use of personal information. There are five modules: Module 1 – Quick reference information pack Module 2 – Dealing with new Notification regime to cover online processing Module 3 – Customised Privacy Policy Module 4 – Checklist to deal with access requests Module 5 – Standard clauses for transferring data overseas” |
| Blake Dawson “SALT” Compliance |
Online compliance training |
December 2005 Salt Compliance Training Solution “salt (‘Self Administered Legal Training’) is an innovative, award-winning web-based training tool developed by the Legal Technology Group at Blake Dawson Waldron, one of Australia’s premier law firms and an acknowledged international leader in the use of technology. Through a series of easy-access training courses, saltâ„¢ ensures that members of your organisation understand their legal obligations in the workplace as well as keeping them up-to-date with recent changes in law — all in one complete, user-friendly package that can be tailored to your individual needs.” |
| Bryan Cave Trade ZoneNo Zone |
Virtual Legal Advice and online compliance training |
December 2005 “TradeZoneSM: The on-line way to obtain accurate, up-to-the-minute legal advice and opinions regarding specific international trade transactions. NoZoneSM For Supervisors: Train your supervisors to recognize and respond to discrimination and harassment in the workplace with this engaging, interactive on-line course, customized to reflect your corporate policies and recent legal mandates. NoZoneSM For Employees: Build a harassment-free workplace, with this innovative and interactive on-line training program designed to teach all employees how to recognize and avoid discrimination and harassment, and how to report it when it happens.” |
| Clifford Chance | Advice, alerts, legal source material, other information |
December 2005 “We cover legal and business issues across a range of sectors and disciplines, from banking and investment to insurance and compliance. So you can rely on us keeping you up-to-date in the areas that interest you. Whether it’s a brief overview of a recent ruling, or an in-depth training tool on a key area of law, our goal is the same – to provide well-informed, accessible and accurate information that will help you to achieve more.” Alert Services: Finance Industry — “The complexity and speed of change of the financial markets can cause information overload. To counter this, Alerter: Finance Industry sends you concise email digests of ‘must know’ legislative and regulatory developments from around the world.” Communications & Media— “An increased amount of communications legislation and the transparency of regulatory activity across markets requires specialist legal advice. To counter this, Alerter: Communications & Media sends you concise email digests of ‘must know’ legislative and regulatory developments within Europe and beyond.” Energy — “The energy market is a dynamic market. Liberalisation of the energy markets has already led to many new regulations and increased market activity. It is therefore vital to keep up-to-date with recent developments. To counter this, Alerter: Energy sends you concise email digests of ‘must know’ legislative and regulatory developments within Europe and beyond.” Cross Border Guides Acquisitions — “Structuring and executing modern M&A transactions can be difficult and highly complex — especially in multi-jurisdictional deals or in public company acquisitions. Cross Border Acquisition Guide helps potential acquirers and their advisers by assessing complex M&A transactions, assists sellers and their advisers by identifying ways of maximising value and ensuring swift execution; and helps financiers and their advisers to structure their deal.” Financing – “Structuring modern financing solutions can be difficult and highly complex. Accessing information critical to the proper structuring of a cross border transaction is essential to the success of a deal. Cross Border Financing Guide gives you online access to the information that can make or break your deal.” Compliance and Extranets COMPLY – Online compliance training: ” * trains staff on complex competition / antitrust law issues [EU, US, Canada] * tests staff with a bank of pre-prepared questions selected at random and * monitors staff progress, with a verifiable audit trail of pass rates.” “CliffordChanceConnectis a powerful and easy to use Online Service that allows clients to exchange information with Clifford Chance and other involved parties quickly and securely.” |
| Davis Polk
Global Collateral Advisor |
Virtual Legal Advice | “Davis Polk’s Global Collateral Project focuses on cross-border financings, allowing clients to enter the variables for a specific transaction and pull up legal analysis the firm has rendered – for those or similar variables – in the past.”
Legal Advice Without the Lawyer, National Law Journal, November 15, 1999 |
| Eversheds | Brand monitoringe-learning |
December 2005 “BRANDcomplete has been developed by Eversheds with MarkMonitor (a leading web surveillance company) to enable clients to develop and manage their brands on the web. It also protects businesses against abuse of their trade marks and domain names on the Internet. By combining the sophisticated real time search technologies of MarkMonitor with Eversheds’ expertise, BRANDcomplete provides invaluable and unique support to brand and trade mark owners.” “Eversheds’ e-learning is a unique series of online training programmes from one of the world’s largest law firms. If you have access to the Internet then you have access to our training. You choose when the training takes place, where it takes place and who receives it. Covering major legal topics crucial to business, you can keep up to date, ensure compliance and give your staff the knowledge they need.” OTHER INFORMATION: Eversheds partner Kevin Doolan explains, in a published article, the background for offering the services described above. “I.T. @ Eversheds”, November 2002, Legal Technology News |
| Foley & Lardner | Technology agreement drafting, negotiation support, and risk assessment |
December 2005 “KnowledgeGateis a premium content site offered on a subscription basis. This site provides secure web access to several Foley & Lardner LLP proprietary tools, including: Best practice agreement templates with Use Notes and Negotiation Commentaries for key technology transactions Technology Agreement Management Tool Risk Assessment Tool Online Negotiation Assistant” |
| General Electric
Virtual Patent Advisor |
Virtual Legal Advice and online research | “[T]he Virtual Patent Advisor allows lawyers and engineers to enter information about a product under development and quickly find out about potential patent problems have taken a process that took months and reduced it to real time, maybe fifteen minutes’ say Robert Lampe, Jr. a senior patent lawyer at Power Systems.”
The American Lawyer, March 1998 [Article is not on the web] |
| Gilbert and Tobin | Online compliance training, trademark management |
December 2005 ComplianceNet eLearning: Trade Practices and Privacy: “Gilbert + Tobin has provided compliance eLearning solutions to over 70 major Australian corporations since 1995. Our ComplianceNet eLearning programs are stimulating and engaging, having been developed by experts who draw on international research, client feedback, developing standards, industry experience and ‘know how’. Our ComplianceNet Trade Practices and Privacy programs are easy compliance solutions with efficient measuring tools. They have many key benefits to help you manage complex areas of legal risk. They are cost-effective solutions and have been developed for employees at all levels.” “G+T Online Trade Marks is a web-based program to help Gilbert + Tobin clients manage their trade mark portfolios more efficiently.” |
| Hammonds | High volume conveyancing, commercial and residential |
January 2006 “HammondsDirect is the UK’s foremost provider of volume conveyancing to the financial services and property sectors.” “legalmove is a division of Hammonds Direct, one of the largest conveyancing firms in the UK, employing over 500 highly trained specialists who handle over 6000 successful Conveyancing transactions every month.” |
| Hugh James Ford Simey | Documents, fixed fee packages, guidance notes and in-take questionnaires for commercial, personal, and Internet law |
January 2006 “Click2law is the dedicated Business Centre website of Hugh James Solicitors. The site aims to provide quality legal and advisory services to the SME and Corporate sector. Free Business Briefings and comprehensive Business FAQs complement a library of legal documents, fixed fee packages, guidance notes and instruction questionnaires to provide your business with a wealth of legal services and information.” |
| Keller & Heckman | Feature articles, e-mail notification, and Q&A pages for food packaging industry |
January 2006 Packaging Law Home Page [summary, not a quote]: Law firm operated web site for the food packaging industry. Features include topical content, e-mail alerts, and “Ask an Attorney”. Ask a Question Page: “PackagingLaw.com invites you to submit a question related to packaging law to the Keller and Heckman packaging law practice team. We’ll pose your question to the team members, and we’ll post your question — along with their response — right here on PackagingLaw.com within a few days. Of course, we can’t promise that we’ll answer every question you pose, especially if an accurate response would require significant time for us to research. You have the ear of the country’s leading experts on packaging law, so fire away!” |
| Linklaters | Advice, document creation, e-learning, and transaction management |
January 2006 “Blue Flag represents the premium online legal services from Linklaters and comprises a suite of various products that are designed to assist in-house counsel, compliance departments and company secretaries by leveraging both technology and Linklatersâ„¢ in-depth knowledge. The products fall into three main categories: online reference services; eLearning courses; document automation.” Blue Flag offerings: Derivatives, Directors’ Duties, Employee Share Plans, FSMA Litigation, Funds, Netmark, Pensions, Regulatory, Shareholding Disclosure, Document Automation (Term Sheet Generator helps bankers produce term sheets), and eLearning (EU Competition Law, Market Abuse, and Data Protection). “The Linklaters Dispute Toolkit is an innovative and efficient service providing free, web-based access to clauses on dispute resolution. The Dispute Toolkit gives you: precedent arbitration, jurisdiction and ADR clauses, with explanatory commentary, and over 120 dispute resolution links, available on the web, 24 hours a day, for free.” |
| Littler Mendelson withELT | Online compliance training |
January 2006 “ELT was established in 1996 to provide employers with effective compliance and risk management solutions through education. ELT’s state-of-the-art online training programs for managers and employees are now used by over 1,000,000 learners in leading organizations across the United States. ELT is the only e-learning company with Littler’s employment law knowledge and experience built into their products.” |
| Lovells
“Anchovy“ |
Advice, legal source material, and document creation for international arbitration
Domain name registration, management and protection service |
January 2006 Arbitration Guide: “The International Arbitration Guide is a free website provided by Lovells to provide practical assistance to clients and prospective clients who use arbitration to settle disputes…. Services available Drafting Engine point-by-point Guides to Commencing and Responding to arbitration proceedings Costs Calculator full text of the arbitration rules ” “Anchovy“: “Lovells offers a comprehensive and global domain name registration, management and protection service using our secure dedicated domain name servers. Anchovy is a new legal service delivery model that is Internet based; an extranet website which provides streamlined fixed fee domain name registration, protection and recuperation services via a dual interface available to clients and designated lawyers working within any of the Lovells offices worldwide.” |
| Mallesons Stephen Jaques
Various Online Services |
Contract management, document creation, compliance training |
January 2006 Online Products – Overview “Using web-based technologies the firm develops innovative products to support the delivery of online legal services through our secure extranet infrastructure.” Contract Management “key client documents, such as complex contracts, are electronically enhanced and hosted online. Defined terms, cross-references and related documents such as appendices, annexures, are linked into interactive document libraries. Client contracts (and any other documents) can be converted into navigable, searchable and inter-dependent collections supported by contextual help tools. The firm’s contract management services are regularly used by clients in highly regulated environments, where significant project management, compliance and risk management issues arise.” Tutorworks “TutorWorks is an online compliance training tool designed to create, administer, assess and report on self-paced training activities Courses are developed jointly with the client, and can consist of numerous modules which can be selectively targeted at different groups of people within the organisation. Courses typically include a mixture of expert legal knowledge, practical examples and scenarios around activities that may place an organisation at risk, and a quiz assessment of the knowledge learned by the participant. ” Promotions Online “Promotions Online is a legal reference guide to the regulatory environment governing trade lotteries in Australia. [It] guides clients through the complex and diverse rules and procedures that govern the conduct of trade lotteries in each State and Territory. [It] also automates the drafting of documents to support permit applications to regulatory authorities for permission to conduct trade lotteries. Promotions Online includes a drafting tool, checklists, legal guides and lotteries reference materials in one convenient up-to-date location.” |
| Pinsent Masons | IT and E-Commerce legal advice |
January 2006 “OUT-LAW.COM is part of Pinsent Masons, an international law firm with a long-standing interest in IT and e-commerce. This site provides free guides, articles and news stories relating to everything from the drawing up of on-line contracts and agreements to issues of taxation and defamation. You will also find sample contracts, checklists and other documents, indispensable to your business planning and operation. The site exists because we want you to choose our law firm when you need more help.” |
| Mayer Brown Rowe & Maw | Resources for structured finance industry |
January 2006 “Securitization. Net is designed to be a resource for the structured finance industry, providing information from a variety of industry players. Contributing to, using and linking with Securitization. Net are all free Securitization Net is sponsored by Mayer, Brown, Rowe & Maw.” |
| MinterEllison | Online compliance |
January 2006 About Us: “Launched by Minter Ellison Lawyers in 1999, SAFETRAC is the market leader in on-line compliance systems, providing a suite of legal compliance, policy compliance, risk managementand compliance audit services.” |
| Morgan Cole | Corporate Employee Policies
e-learning |
January 2006 “employment@once is an innovative, interactive multimedia e-learning tool providing managers with up-to-date and practical guidance about employment law practice.” “PolicyMatter allows your policies to be distributed and tracked effectively and efficiently. PolicyMatter: * enables you to distribute the right policies to the right staff * gives you the confidence that staff have understood and signed up to your policies * records and tracks the whole process. PolicyMatter is a joint venture between Morgan Cole and Extend Technologies which allows companies to create, deploy and manage all types of corporate policy.” See also PolicyMatter web site. |
| Morgan Lewis | HSR Database
Environmental information |
January 2006 “HSRscan is an online resource providing information about the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976 (the “HSR Act”) and its regulations Morgan Lewis’ group of experienced antitrust lawyers developed HSRscan as a tool to quickly and easily research the often complex issues involved in HSR Act compliance and reporting. A key feature of HSRscan is its searchable database of letters interpreting the HSR Act.” Morgan Lewis Online Services: “Morgan Lewis’ award-winning on-line environmental resource features our Environmental Deskbooks, Environmental News and Teleseminar Presentations, as well as special materials and links to information about CERCLA, RCRA and the Clean Air Act.” (see also www.envinfo.com) |
| Morris, Manning & Martin, LLP | HIPAA resources |
January 2006 “HIPAA Manager was designed by healthcare attorneys at Morris, Manning & Martin, LLP specifically for providers in response to their requests for understandable, reliable, practical and affordable HIPAA guidance. It distinguishes itself from other programs by offering practical step-by-step guidance to help you meet your mandatory obligations. HIPAA Managerâ„¢ also gives you everything you need to meet HIPAA’s deadlines – the information, the sample forms, updates, and the tools for implementation – all in one package. Unlike programs offered by consultants, HIPAA Managerâ„¢ is prepared by our lawyers, who are skilled in regulatory analysis and interpretation.” [HIPAA Manager includes:] Monthly Topics, Transaction Standards Compliance Extension Assistance, Monthly Task Lists, Best Practices Database, HIPAA Handbook, Answers to Frequently Asked Questions, Workshops, Calendar of Deadlines and Extensions, Sample Forms, Helpful HIPAA Links, Articles, Presentations & Resources, and News and Updates] |
| ReedSmith | State medical privacy content; investment advisor’s compliance tool |
January 2006 50 State HIPAA Privacy Study: “This website is designed as a survey of state health information privacy laws and regulations and the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act’s implementing privacy regulations (“HIPAA”). The site provides a user-friendly search tool to help identify relevant state and federal health privacy rules and to help understand, by state and by topic, whether state rules or HIPAA rules, or both, must be followed. Sponsored by leading health care organizations throughout the nation who are part of the Confidentiality Coalition of the Healthcare Leadership Council, with the legal content provided by Reed Smith LLP, this study allows you to search privacy laws based on simple criteria. Searches allow you many options, including selecting specific health privacy topics by state, and you will receive summaries of both relevant state and HIPAA health information privacy rules and compliance recommendations with analyses.” “ComplianSeek is a compliance tool that integrates Reed Smith’s knowledge of the law with DolphinSearch’s patented concept recognition technology. The first module in the ComplianSeek platform is designed for investment advisory firms. ComplianSeek Investment Adviser Module helps advisers identify required books and records within their email and provides a tool to audit email by identifying potentially non-compliant behavior that a firm can investigate.” |
| Seyfarth Shaw | Online compliance training |
January 2006 “Seyfarth Shaw at Work is the premier legal compliance and management training company, providing highly engaging employment law related training over a variety of platforms Seyfarth Shaw at Work also has developed an e-Learning series. Our e-Learning courses, are also highly interactive and complement the leader-led courses offering a “blended solution” that can be deployed throughout your organization in a consistent and cost effective manner. Seyfarth Shaw at Work has partnered with GoTrain to offer their advanced Compliance-based Learning Management System (CLMS) on all of our e-Leaning courses.” |
| Simmons & Simmons | Legal resources, updates, checklists, practical guides, current awareness for a range of businesses |
January 2006 “elexica is Simmons & Simmons’ award-winning, free online legal resource, primarily aimed at clients and contacts of the firm. elexica offers registered users an extensive range of thousands of items of high quality legal information, including: Legal updates Legal checklists (also available in Palm-compatible format) Training modules (with CPD hours) Weekly EU Diary (also available in Palm-compatible format) Regular current awareness emails in a variety of practice areas, from construction to tax An extensive library of fully categorised web links” See also http://www.elexica.com |
| Steptoe & Johnson | Encryption updates on 95 countries |
January 2006 Encryption Guide: “The firm also maintains a database, Steptoe & Johnson LLP Country-by Country Guide to Encryption Regulations, providing multinational clients with regularly updated reports on encryption export, import and use regulation in 95 countries.” |
| Weil Gotshal
eAdvisor |
Advice | “The stimulus for developing this site came from outside: it was the need General Electric Company, a major WGM client, had to give its large, geographically dispersed law department an extensive body of material relating to Internet and e-commerce legal issues… At GE’s suggestion, we agreed that it would pay a fixed price and WGM would own the site and be able to market a non-proprietary version to other clients who were not competitors of GE… Through this arrangement, the client got what it wanted for a relatively low, preset price and we got even more incentive than we already had to continue improving and enhancing the site to the benefit of all users, including, of course, the founding client.”
Article (June 2000) by partner Steve Kahn on the firm’s Web site. |
| White & Case | In-depth legal information |
January 2006 “White & Case Universe features efficient, useful online services for clients of White & Case: * a database of country reports that we are continuing to develop and expand for each included practice area; * a regulatory matrix which is a project management tool that enables a company to immediately access a summary of its specific issues and its compliance with those issues; * correspondence/documents archive that stores all important documents and correspondence related to a specific project/practice area; and * an additional important feature provides access to new developments in a variety of practice areas.” |
| Wilson Sonsini | Content and document creation |
January 2006 Document Access and Subscription System home page: “DASS gives fund managers, investors and placement agents fast and easy online access to a variety of materials relating to private equity funds represented by WSGR. It also includes an interactive subscription agreement generator designed to simplify the subscription process.” |
| Wragge&Co | Contract management and tracking; document creation |
January 2006 Contracts and IPR Database: “This on-line solution organises contractual documents, allows you to search for them and even provides reminders for key dates. The database enhances organisation, increases efficiency and helps the contract management process, legal team and resources run smoothly.” Intelligent Documents: “Rapid and efficient document drafting. Intelligent documentation increases quality and speed, and reduces the cost of preparing documents. As market leader in this type of technology, we have the most accredited HotDocs developers of any UK law firm.” |
Companies
Below is a list of organizations other than law firms or law departments that offer products or services that overlap with legal issues. I have compiled this list from multiple sources but it is neither comprehensive nor complete.
| Company | Type of Service | Description of Service (with URL) and Date Last Checked |
| Eduneering | Online compliance training |
January 2006 “EduNeering improves business performance and assures compliance by providing customized knowledge solutions to corporate and governmental clients… For more than 25 years, EduNeering has pioneered technology-based innovations that drive employee comprehension of critical information, operating procedures and regulatory requirements. By integrating expertise in business, learning and technology, the company delivers comprehensive, Internet-deployed solutions that include technology-based systems, a suite of standard and custom courses, and professional and consulting services.” |
| Enact | Online conveyancing (UK) |
January 2006 “enact was created in the year 2000 to provide a full range of legal services to cover all your home moving and remortgaging needs. In 2004 the business was acquired from the enact senior management team by First Title plc, part of the First American Corporation. We are one of the largest direct conveyancing companies in the UK. Previously offered only to the high street banks, building societies and estate agents, we are now pleased to offer the same great value service direct to you, the consumer.” |
| Integrity Interactive | Online compliance training |
January 2006 Products and Services: “with more than 245 ethics and compliance topics organized in 42 comprehensive course units, Integrity Interactive’s Web-based course library is considered the richest in the industry…. We back this up with an exhaustive online ethics and compliance library, interactive exercises, and a final test. We’ve also built in room for customization to meet any special client needs.” |
| Legal Research Center | Online compliance training |
January 2006 Online Compliance Training: “In partnership with Integrity Interactive Corporation, LRC offers you online compliance training that is so compelling, your employees will actually enjoy the interactive learning experience.” |
| LoanTransact | Online document assembly and collaboration for commercial loans |
January 2006 Home Page: “an on-line environment in which all parties to a lending transaction, the lender, borrower, guarantors, etc and their legal counsel, can collaborate, simultaneously, 24/7. being able to easily code and load your own documents on line using your existing word processing software (e.g. Word, WordPerfect) and without the need for computer programmers. your documents presenting you with interactive questions, based on your previous answers. all parties to your transaction being able to input their own data directly through individual and secure deal sites.” |
| LRN | Compliance and risk management; online compliance training |
January 2006 Solutions: “Governance and Ethics Management System (GEMS) Legal Compliance and Ethics Center (LCEC): More than seven million of our customers’ employees around the world access our hundreds of interactive, on-line, educational courses and learn about policies and practices that are essential elements of appropriate conduct.” |
| PortfolioIP | Track and manage IP | Quoting from the firm’s Web site: June 2004
“The PortfolioIP(SM) service provides docketing and other paralegal services for corporations and intellectual property law firms… The company was founded in 2000 by a group of patent attorneys specializing in patent preparation and prosecution services for high technology… Through the web-based FoundationIPâ„¢ platform, we become your virtual in-house staff, and can provide the support you need when you need it, conveniently, efficiently, and with dramatic savings to you and your clients.” |
| VisaNow.com | Automates visa application process | Quoting from the firm’s Web site: June 2004
“VisaNow.comsm recognizes that most of immigration application preparation is document-intensive and involves the exchange of information between client, attorney, and applicant. Our online, automated system streamlines these processes for users and significantly reduces the time it takes to prepare U.S. visa and immigration applications for INS/BCIS approval. Our automation significantly reduces errors that often occur with manual processes, so clients can count on consistently accurate and compliant applications.” |
| We Comply | Online compliance training, wide range of topics | Quoting from the firm’s Web site: June 2004
“Let WeComply help you jump-start your company’s compliance-training efforts quickly and cost-effectively with High-quality online compliance training that’s easy to set up and administer. Content that’s customizable to your company’s specific needs, and that you can update quickly when those needs change. An interactive and fun format that’s acessible to all employees not just those with specially-equipped computers and fast Internet connections.” |